饲养方式对产蛋前母鸡肉质、肌肉物理特征和感官评价的影响

文章旨在研究不同饲养方式对产蛋前蛋鸡胸肌和腿肌化学成分、物理特征和感官评价的影响。试验选择1日龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡900只,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复60只。蛋鸡在1~10周龄和11~20周龄时分别饲喂相同的生长前期和生长后期日粮,3个组蛋鸡分别通过笼养、平养(稻谷粉作为垫料)和散养。试验结束后,对蛋鸡屠宰,收集胸肌和腿肌进行分析。结果:平养和笼养组蛋鸡胸肌粗脂肪含量较散养组分别显著提高114.81%和74.07%(P<0.05),但散养组蛋鸡胸肌铁含量较平养组显著提高37.99%(P<0.05),同时胶原含量较笼养组显著提高25.28%(P<0.05)。散养组蛋鸡腿肌粗脂肪和能量含量最低(P<0.05),但散养组粗蛋白质、铁、锌含量分别较笼养组显著提高8.85%、40.26%和17.16%(P<0.05)。散养组蛋鸡胸肌硬度和韧性较笼养组分别显著提高42.69%和27.76%(P<0.05)。笼养组腿肌蒸煮损失较平养组显著提高8.01%(P<0.05),散养组腿肌硬度和韧性分别较平养组显著提高35.24%和133.25%(P<0.05)。与笼养组相比,散养组胸肌风味和咀嚼性显著高于笼养组(P<0.05),同时散养组胸肌总可接受度显著高于平养组(P<0.05)。散养组腿肌风味、多汁性和咀嚼性均显著高于笼养和平养组(P<0.05),同时该组总可接受度较平养组显著提高6.72%(P<0.05)。结论:散养产蛋前蛋鸡的感官指标表现最佳,同时腿肌和胸肌粗脂肪含量最低,粗蛋白质和胶原蛋白含量高,可以改善肌肉口感。     

Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.     

云南不同气候带农业气候资源变化特征研究

为分析全省平均以及各气候带光能、热量、水分资源的时空变化特征,使用云南115站及6个气候带代表站1961—2018年的气候要素计算各地农业气候资源统计量。结果表明,光能资源变化以减少趋势为主,出现显著突变,各气候带太阳辐射变化可能会引起云南太阳辐射高低值中心发生变化,2009年以来辐射明显增加可能会导致太阳辐射出现新的变化趋势和突变点;热量资源一致显著增加,喜凉及喜温作物的活动积温、积温持续时间及无霜期长度均显著增加,并且呈现初日提前、终日推后的趋势,对作物生长有利;水分资源总体呈现减少趋势,尤其21世纪以来下降趋势明显,亚热带地区暖干化现象突出,干旱风险等级较高。     

Assessing spillover from marine protected areas and its drivers: A meta‐analytical approach

Overfishing may seriously impact fish populations and ecosystems. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, yet the fisheries benefits remain debateable. Many MPAs include a fully protected area (FPA), restricting all activities, within a partially protected area (PPA) where potentially sustainable activities are permitted. An effective tool for biodiversity conservation, FPAs, can sustain local fisheries via spillover, that is the outward export of individuals from FPAs. Spillover refers to both: “ecological spillover”: outward net emigration of juveniles, subadults and/or adults from the FPA; and “fishery spillover”: the fraction of ecological spillover that directly benefits fishery yields and revenues through fishable biomass. Yet, how common is spillover remains controversial. We present a meta‐analysis of a unique global database covering 23 FPAs worldwide, using published literature and purposely collected field data, to assess the capacity of FPAs to export biomass and whether this response was mediated by specific FPA features (e.g. size, age) or species characteristics (e.g. mobility, economic value). Results show fish biomass and abundance outside FPAs was higher: (a) in locations close to FPA borders (<200 m) than further away (>200 m); (b) for species with a high commercial value; and (c) in the presence of PPA surrounding the FPA. Spillover was slightly higher in FPAs that were larger and older and for more mobile species. Based on the broadest data set compiled to date on marine species ecological spillover beyond FPAs' borders, our work highlights elements that could guide strategies to enhance local fishery management using MPAs.     

Root zone temperature alters storage root formation and growth of sweetpotato

Large mounds amended with plant residues are a common cultivation method for sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) in the western parts of the Papua New Guinea highlands, with a suggested benefit of elevated root zone temperature (RZT) from decomposition. This study aimed to evaluate whether RZT affects the formation and growth of sweetpotato storage roots. Experiments evaluated the effects of a constant elevated RZT on the Beauregard cultivar and of a short‐term increase in RZT on the Beauregard and Northern Star cultivars. Plants were grown in 18‐L pots divided into a control compartment (constant RZT at 20°C) and a treated compartment (RZT at 30, 40 or 50°C). Constant elevated RZT was maintained until harvest, while short‐term increase in RZT occurred in weeks 2 and 3 only. Constant elevated RZT did not affect the total number of storage roots, but RZT of 30°C and above reduced the dry‐biomass of storage roots. The short‐term increase in RZT did not alter the total number or dry‐biomass of storage roots in Beauregard, while both of these attributes were reduced at RZT of 40°C or above in Northern Star. Elevated RZT inhibited dry‐biomass accumulation of storage root, with a more pronounced impact at constant elevated RZT. These results demonstrate that any benefits of the mound culture on sweetpotato yield production do not arise through the influence of temperature elevation.     

川北地形过渡带地形因子对土地利用与景观格局变化的影响

[目的]基于地形特征分析不同用地类型时空分布变化,不仅能解释土地利用时空变化规律,并能更进一步为优化土地利用结果,生态环境保护奠定基础。[方法]基于四川省北部江油市2003,2010,2018年3期遥感影像,运用土地利用转移矩阵法,分析不同用地类型之间的转化情况;接着利用地形位指数法、分布指数法,分析地形因子影响下不同用地类型分布指数变化特征;之后利用移动窗口法,探究景观格局中斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数时空变化规律;最后结合双变量空间相关性分析,分析地形因子与景观指数间的空间相关性特征。[结果](1)在2003—2010年期间,水田面积减少最多(减少面积2 238.98 hm~2),建设用地面积增加最多(面积增加3 360.36 hm~2);在2010—2018年期间,水田面积减少1 175.84 hm~2,建设用地面积增加1 614.78 hm~2;2003—2010年期间江油市土地利用的变化量整体高于2010—2018年。(2)北部山区主要由旱地转移为林草地,南部平原地区主要为水田转移为建设用地,中部丘陵区域旱地和水田相互转化强烈。(3)随时间变化,旱地和未利用地优势等级向中地形位等级靠拢;低地形位等级上建设用地、水田和水域优势度逐渐降低,并具有优势等级向较高地形位等级扩展趋势。(4)山区河流沿岸以及山地平原交汇处斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数较高,且呈线性分布;随时间变化,丘陵区域斑块密度增加,主城区附近Shannon多样性指数呈下降趋势。(5)高—高聚集区主要表现为向山地丘陵交汇处聚集;城区附近景观指数因受其他因素影响较多,导致该区域景观指数与地形位指数呈现出不显著相关性。[结论]在地形过渡带区域,不同地貌对于各类用地变化的影响在时空上存在差异性,其地形因子与景观指数的空间相关性差异明显。     

开式离心纸浆泵叶轮流道内部流场PIV试验研究

为研究开式纸浆泵叶轮流道内纤维颗粒对液相流场的影响,采用透明有机玻璃材料制造模型样机,以清水和0.1%质量浓度的头发纤维悬浮液为介质,通过PIV试验对叶轮流道内的流动进行可视化研究.试验结果表明:当输送清水介质时,在大流量工况下叶轮流道内流动稳定,未出现旋涡和低速区;在小流量工况下,当叶轮流道旋转到蜗壳隔舌附近位置时,在叶轮流道中段压力面附近开始产生低速区,且低速区随着叶轮流道靠近隔舌位置和流量减小逐渐增大,在远离隔舌位置的叶轮流道内未产生明显的低速区;受叶片扭曲的影响,在叶轮流道内垂直于泵轴的不同截面上的相对速度大小不同,且随着叶片扭曲程度减小,相对速度差减小;输送头发纤维悬浮液介质时,在纤维颗粒的影响下,叶轮流道内的液相流动相对速度降低,导致在小流量工况下叶轮流道中段压力面附近低速区面积增大;在大流量工况下,纤维颗粒存在使液相流动的相对速度大小分布更均匀.     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

The Landscape Style and Features of Historical and Cultural Blocks in Handan,Hebei Province,China

The landscape style and features of historical and cultural blocks in Handan show the landscape characteristics of Handan in the specific cultural and historical period.To explore the landscape style and features of historical and cultural blocks in Handan is of great practical significance to maintain the characteristics of historical and cultural blocks,improve city quality,continue city culture and retain cultural characteristics.According to the advantaged natural geography,human geography factors and the current situation of landscape style and features in Handan City,this study discussed the landscape style and features of historical and cultural blocks through practical investigation and scientific research,found out the main problems and put forward corresponding protection and promotion strategies,in order to create a landscape pattern of historical and cultural blocks with cultural connotation,harmony and order,and distinctive characteristics.     

肯塔基沙门菌对氟喹诺酮和碳青霉烯类药物耐药性研究进展

肯塔基沙门菌（Salmonella Kentucky）是继鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌后又一与人类肠道疾病相关的沙门菌血清型，因其获得和传播耐药性的能力较强而逐渐引起关注。该血清型沙门菌按照多位点序列分型分得的众多亚型中，ST198血清亚型具有易获得耐药突变的基因组岛的特性，21世纪以来不断进化，除获得常见抗菌药物耐药基因外，还相继获得对氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性并扩散全球，造成临床上难以治疗的病例而引起世界卫生组织的关注。作者整理了肯塔基沙门菌的进化历程，着重阐述肯塔基沙门菌关于氟喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况及耐药机制，以期为中国沙门菌的实验室防控监测系统提供理论依据。